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Showing posts with label WORSHIP. Show all posts
Showing posts with label WORSHIP. Show all posts

Seeing The Supreme Lord


Once, Sri Madhavendra Puri traveled to Vrndavana, the holy place where Lord Krishna spent His childhood. There he came upon the hill known as Govardhana. This hill was very important to Krishna and the cowherd boys because it provided such nice grass for their cows.

When Madhavendra Puri saw Govardhana hill it reminded him of Krishna and His pastimes and he became almost mad in his ecstasy of love of Godhead, and he did not know whether it was day or night. Sometimes he stood up, and sometimes he fell on the ground. He could not discriminate whether he was in a proper place or not.

After walking around the hill, Madhavendra Puri went to Govinda-kunda and took his bath. He then sat beneath a tree to take his evening rest. While he was sitting beneath the tree an unknown cowherd boy came with a pot of milk. He placed it before Madhavendra Puri and smilingly addressed him as follows: “Please drink the milk I have brought. Why don’t you beg some food to eat? What kind of meditation are you undergoing?” When he saw the beauty of that boy Madhavendra Puri became very satisfied. Hearing His sweet words, he forgot all hunger and thirst. Madhavendra Puri said: “Who are You? Where do You reside? And how did You know that I was fasting?” The boy replied, “Sir, I am a cowherd boy, and I reside in this village. In My village no one fasts. In this village a person can beg food from others and thus eat. Some people drink only milk, but if a person does not ask anyone for food I supply him all his eatables. The women who come here to take water saw you, and they supplied Me with this milk and sent Me to you.” The boy continued: “I must go very soon to milk the cows, but I shall return and take back this milk pot from you.” Saying this the boy left the place. Indeed, He suddenly could be seen no more, and Madhavendra Puri’s heart was filled with wonder.

After drinking the milk, Madhavendra Puri washed the pot and put it aside. He looked toward the path, but the boy never returned. Madhavendra Puri could not sleep. He sat and chanted the Hare Krishna maha-mantra and at the end of the night he dozed a little, and his external activities stopped. In a dream he saw the very same boy. The boy came before him and, holding his hand, took him to a bush in the jungle. The boy showed Madhavendra Puri the bush and said: “I reside in this bush, and because of this I suffer very much from severe cold, rain showers, winds and scorching heat. Please bring the people of the village and get them to take me out of this bush. Then have them situate me nicely on the top of the hill. Please construct a temple on the top of the hill,” the boy continued, “and install Me in that temple. After this wash Me with large quantities of cold water so that My body may be cleansed.

For many days I have been observing you, and I have been wondering, ‘When will Madhavendra Puri come here to serve Me?’ I have accepted your service due to your ecstatic love for Me. Thus I shall appear, and by My audience all fallen souls will be delivered. My name is Gopala. I am the lifter of Govardhana Hill. I was installed by Vajra and here I am the authority. When the Mohammedans attacked, the priest who was serving Me hid Me in this bush in the jungle. Then he ran away out of fear of the attack. Since the priest went away I have been staying in this bush. It is very good that you have come here. Now just remove Me with care.” After saying this the boy disappeared. Then Madhavendra Puri woke up and began to consider his dream. He began to lament: “I saw Lord Krishna directly but I could not recognise Him!” Thus he fell down on the ground in ecstatic love. Madhavendra Puri cried for some time but then he fixed his mind on executing the order of Gopala thus he became tranquil.

After taking his morning bath Madhavendra Puri entered the village and assembled all the people. Then he said: “The proprietor of this village, Govardhana-dhari, is lying in the bushes. Let us go there and rescue Him from that place. The bushes are very dense and we will not be able to enter the jungle. Therefore take choppers and spades to clear the way.

After hearing this all the people accompanied Madhavendra Puri with great pleasure. According to his directions they cut down bushes, cleared a path and entered the jungle. When they saw the Deity covered with dirt and grass they were all struck with wonder and pleasure. After they cleansed the body of the Deity some of them said: “The Deity is very heavy. No one person can move Him.” Therefore some of the stronger men assembled there to carry Him to the top of the hill.

A big stone was made into a throne and the Deity was installed upon it. Another big stone was placed behind the Deity for support. All the brahmana priests of the village gathered together with nine waterpots and water from Govinda-kunda lake was brought there and filtered. When the Deity was being installed nine hundred pots of water were brought from Govinda-kunda. There were musical sounds of bugles and drums and the singing of women.

During the festival at the installation ceremony some people sang and some danced. All the milk, yogurt and clarified butter in the village was brought to the festival. Various foods and sweets as well as other kinds of presentations were brought there. I am unable to describe all these. The villagers brought a large quantity of tulasi leaves, flowers and various kinds of garments. Then Sri Madhavendra Puri personally began the abihiseka [bathing ceremony]. After all inauspicious things were driven away by the chanting of the mantra the Deity’s bathing ceremony started. First the Deity was massaged with a large quantity of oil so that His body became very glossy. After the body of the Deity was cleansed He was dressed very nicely with new garments. Then sandalwood pulp, tulasi garlands and other fragrant flower garlands were placed upon the body of the Deity. After the bathing ceremony was finished incense and lamps were burned and all kinds of food offered before the Deity. These foods included yogurt, milk and as many sweets as were received. The Deity was first offered many varieties of food, then scented drinking water in new pots and then water for washing the mouth. Finally pan mixed with a variety of spices was offered. After the last offering boga-aratrika was performed. Finally everyone offered various prayers and then obeisances, falling flat before the Deity in full surrender.

As soon as the people of the village had understood that the Deity was going to be installed they had brought their entire stock of rice, dhal and wheat flower. They brought such large quantities that the entire surface of the top of the hill was filled. The potters of the village brought all kinds of cooking pots and in the morning the cooking began. Ten brahmans cooked the food grains and five brahmans cooked both dry and liquid vegetables. The vegetable preparations were made from various kinds of spinach and roots and fruits collected from the forest. Someone had made bada and badi by mashing dhal. In this way all the brahmanas prepared all kinds of food. Five to seven men prepared a huge quantity of chappatis [flat bread] which were sufficiently covered with ghee [clarified butter], as were all the vegetables, rice and dhal.

All the cooked rice was stacked on palasa leaves which were on new cloths spread over the ground. Around the stack of cooked rice were stacks of chappatis and all the vegetables and liquid vegetable preparations were placed in different pots and put around them. Pots of yogurt, milk, buttermilk and sikharini, sweet rice, cream and solid cream were placed alongside the vegetables. In this way the Annakuta ceremony was performed and Madhavendra Puri Gosvami personally offered everything to Gopala. Many water pots were filled with scented water for drinking and Lord Sri Gopala, who had been hungry for many days, ate everything offered to Him. Although Sri Gopala ate everything offered, still, by the touch of His transcendental hand, everything remained as before. How Gopala ate everything while the food remained the same was transcendentally perceived by Madhavendra Puri Gosvami; nothing remains a secret to the devotees of the Lord.

The wonderful festival and installation of Sri Gopalaji was arranged in one day. Certainly all this was accomplished by the potency of Gopala. No one but a devotee can understand this.

Madhavendra Puri offered water to Gopala for washing His mouth and he gave Him betel nuts to chew. Then, while arati was performed, all the people chanted, “Jaya, jaya!” [All glories to Gopala]. To arrange for the Lord’s rest Sri Madhavendra Puri brought a new cot and over this he spread a new bedspread and thus made the bed ready. A temporary temple was constructed by covering the bed all around with a straw mattress. Thus there was a bed and a straw mattress to cover it. After the Lord was laid down to rest on the bed Madhavendra Puri gathered all the brahmanas who had prepared the prasada and said to them: “Now feed everyone sumptuously from the children up to the old-aged!” All the people gathered there sat down to honour the prasada, and by and by they took food. All the brahmans and their wives were fed first. Not only did the people of Govardhana Village take prasada, but also those who came from other villages. They also saw the Deity of Gopala and were offered prasada to eat.

Seeing the influence of Madhavendra Puri all the people gathered there were struck with wonder. They saw the Annakuta ceremony, which had been performed during the time of Krishna, was now taking place again by the mercy of Sri Madhavendra Puri.

All the brahmanas present on that occasion were initiated by Madhavendra Puri as Vaisnavas and he engaged them in different types of service.

When it was advertised throughout the country that Lord Gopala had appeared atop Govardhana Hill all the people from neighbouring villages came to see the Deity. One village after another was pleased to beg Madhavendra Puri to allot them one day to perform the Annakuta ceremony. Thus day after day the Annakuta ceremony was performed for some time.

The ideal place to execute Krishna consciousness is Vrajabhumi, or Vrndavana, where people are naturally inclined to love Krishna and Krishna is naturally inclined to love them. Throngs of people came from different villages to see the Deity of Gopala and they took maha-prasada sumptuously. When they saw the superexcellent form of Lord Gopala all their lamentation and unhappiness disappeared. All the villagers in the neighbouring Vrajabhumi [Vrndavana] became aware of the appearance of Gopala, and all the people from these villages came to see Him. Day after day they performed the Annakuta ceremony. In this way not only the neighbouring villages but all the other provinces came to know of Gopala’s appearance.

Thus people came from all over bringing a variety of presentations. The people of Mathura, who are very big capitalists, also brought various presentations and offered them before the Deity in devotional service. Thus countless presentations of gold, silver, garments, scented articles and eatables arrived. The store of Gopala increased daily. One very rich ksatriya of the royal order constructed a temple, someone made cooking utensils and someone constructed boundary walls. Each and every family residing in the land of Vrajabhumi contributed one cow. In this way thousands of cows became the property of Gopala. Eventually two brahmanas in the renounced order arrived from Bengal and Madhavendra Puri, who liked them very much, kept them in Vrndavana and gave them all comforts. These two were then initiated by Madhavendra Puri and he entrusted them with the daily service of the Lord. This service was performed continuously and the worship of the Deity became very gorgeous. Thus Madhavendra Puri was very pleased.

This is the way to install the Deity, construct the temple and increase the property of the temple. Everyone should be enthusiastic to contribute to the construction of the temple for the Deity, and everyone should also contribute food for the distribution of prasada. The devotees should preach the gospel of devotional service and thus engage the people in practical service to the Deity. Wealthy people can also be attracted to take part in these activities. In this way everyone will become spiritually inclined, and the entire society will be converted to Krishna consciousness. The desire to satisfy the material senses will automatically diminish and the senses will become so purified that they will be able to engage in bhakti [devotional service to the Lord] Hrsikena hrsikesa-sevanam bhaktir ucyate. By serving the Lord one’s senses are gradually purified. The engagement of one’s purified senses in the service of Lord Hrsikesa is called bhakti. When the dormant propensity for bhakti is awakened one can understand the Supreme Personality of Godhead as He is. Bhaktya mam abijanati yavan yas casmi tattvatah. (Bg. 18.55) This is the process of giving humanity the chance to awaken Krishna consciousness. Thus people can perfect their lives in all respects.

One who hears this narration with faith and devotion attains the treasure of love of Godhead at the lotus feet of Sri Krishna. Praying at the lotus feet of Sri Rupa and Sri Raghunatha, always desiring their mercy, I, Krishnadasa, narrate Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, following in their footsteps.

(from Sri Caitanya-caritamrta Madhya-lila, Forth Chapter)





How to Control the Mind?



From the many responses to the previous article about controlling the mind I can see this is a topic many are interested in. Controlling the mind is a challenge we all face and it’s something that intimately affects every one of us. Krishna continues speaking to Arjuna in the Bhagavad-gita (6.6) on the same subject of controlling the mind:

“For him who has conqured the mind, the mind is the best of friends; but for one who has failed to do so, his very mind will be the greatest enemy.“

In this Sixth Chapter of Bhagavad-gita Krishna will instruct Arjuna on the meditational system of yoga. So here, in the beginning of the chapter, Krishna is letting Arjuna know he has to control his mind, and later in this chapter Krishna will describe to Arjuna the process of meditational yoga like astanga yoga or hatha yoga as a way to control the mind. So these verses on controlling the mind are an introduction to the yoga system.

The purpose of the yoga system is to control the mind in order to make it a friend so that it can help us in reaching perfection in the human form of life. Unless the mind is controlled the practice of yoga is simply a waste of time. The modern so-called yogis generally do not take the necessity to control the mind and the senses at all seriously, so for them the practice of yoga is simply a waste of time.

One who can not control his mind lives always with the greatest enemy and thus his life and its mission are spoiled. The eternal natural position of every living entity is to carry out the order of the superior but as long as one’s mind remains his unconquered enemy, one has to serve the dictations of lust, anger, avarice, illusion, etc. But if we can conquer the mind and voluntarily agree to follow the dictation of the Personality of Godhead who is present within the hearts of everyone as Supersoul then the mind will be automatically controlled.

Real yoga means meeting the Paramatma within the heart and then following His direction. For the devotees who take to Krishna consciousness and really follow the process as it is taught to us by Srila Prabhupada perfect surrender to the dictation of the Lord takes place automatically.

Many people have asked for the exact details of how to control the mind, but the simple answer is a devotee of Krishna automatically controls his mind, so to control the mind one simply has to become a real devotee of Krishna. And the process of becoming a devotee of Krishna is also simple. We just have to live in such a way that we always remember Krishna and never forget Krishna and we can adjust our lives so our every action is service to Krishna under the direction of our bona fide spiritual master, Srila Prabhupada, who is a pure devotee of Krishna.

There is no way we can become Krishna conscious on our own strength, so in the same way we can not control our minds on our own strength. We have to surrender to the pure devotee of Krishna and follow his instructions and by the mercy of the pure devotee of Krishna we will be able to control our minds and make further advancement in Krishna consciousness. It is possible by Srila Prabhupada’s mercy and Krishna’s mercy only, it is not possible to control our mind by our own strength.

“For one who has conquered the mind, the Supersoul is already reached, for he has attained tranquility. To such a man happiness and distress, heat and cold, honor and dishonor are all the same.” (Bg. 6.7)

Every living entity is intended to follow the dictation of the Supreme Personality of Godhead who is within everyone’s heart as the Supersoul (Paramatma) however when the mind is mislead by the external energy, maya, one becomes engaged in material activities. The goal of the yoga system is to fix one’s mind on the superior nature, Krishna. When one’s mind is fixed on Krishna he has no other alternative but to follow the dictation of the Supreme.

The mind must accept some superior dictation and follow it. The effect of controlling the mind is that one automatically follows the dictation of Paramatma or Supersoul. This transcendental position is at once achieved by one who is in Krishna consciousness. The devotee of the Lord is unaffected by the dualities of material existence, namely distress and happiness, cold and heat, etc. This state is practical samadhi, or absorption in the Supreme.

So from this we can understand that one who is actually in Krishna consciousness will automatically follow the superior dictation of Krishna who is situated in everyone’s heart as Paramatma or Supersoul. And for one who is following the dictation of Krishna in this way, his mind is already controlled.

So the question we should really be asking therefore, is not “How can I control my mind?”, rather we need to ask “How can I become a pure devotee of Krishna?” Because for one who is engaged in pure devotional service his mind is automatically controlled.

BY: Madhudvisa dasa






Diwali - Festival of Lights

Diwali Pooja ( Worship )
Deepawali or Diwali is certainly the biggest and the brightest of all Hindu festivals. It's the festival of lights (deep = light and avali = a row i.e., a row of lights) that's marked by four days of celebration, which literally illumines the country with its brilliance, and dazzles all with its joy. Each of the four days in the festival of Diwali is separated by a different tradition, but what remains true and constant is the celebration of life, its enjoyment and goodness.


The Origin of Diwali

Historically, the origin of Diwali can be traced back to ancient India, when it was probably an important harvest festival. However, there are various legends pointing to the origin of Diwali or 'Deepawali.' Some believe it to be the celebration of the marriage of Lakshmi with Lord Vishnu. Whereas in Bengal the festival is dedicated to the worship of Mother Kali, the dark goddess of strength. Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed God, the symbol of auspiciousness and wisdom, is also worshiped in most Hindu homes on this day. In Jainism, Deepawali has an added significance to the great event of Lord Mahavira attaining the eternal bliss of nirvana. Diwali also commemorates the return of Lord Rama along with Sita and Lakshman from his fourteen year long exile and vanquishing the demon-king Ravana. In joyous celebration of the return of their king, the people of Ayodhya, the Capital of Rama, illuminated the kingdom with earthen diyas (oil lamps) and burst crackers.

School Students Celebrating '' Diwali '' 
These Four Days

Each day of Diwali has its own tale, legend and myth to tell. The first day of the festival Naraka Chaturdasi marks the vanquishing of the demon Naraka by Lord Krishna and his wife Satyabhama. Amavasya, the second day of Deepawali, marks the worship of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth in her most benevolent mood, fulfilling the wishes of her devotees. Amavasya also tells the story of Lord Vishnu, who in his dwarf incarnation vanquished the tyrant Bali, and banished him to hell. Bali was allowed to return to earth once a year, to light millions of lamps to dispel the darkness and ignorance, and spread the radiance of love and wisdom. It is on the third day of Deepawali — Kartika Shudda Padyami that Bali steps out of hell and rules the earth according to the boon given by Lord Vishnu. The fourth day is referred to as Yama Dvitiya (also called Bhai Dooj) and on this day sisters invite their brothers to their homes.


The Significance of Lights & Firecrackers

All the simple rituals of Diwali have a significance and a story to tell. The illumination of homes with lights and the skies with firecrackers is an expression of obeisance to the heavens for the attainment of health, wealth, knowledge, peace and prosperity. According to one belief, the sound of fire-crackers are an indication of the joy of the people living on earth, making the gods aware of their plentiful state. Still another possible reason has a more scientific basis: the fumes produced by the crackers kill a lot of insects and mosquitoes, found in plenty after the rains.

Diwali Celebrate '' Obama ''
The Tradition of Gambling

The tradition of gambling on Diwali also has a legend behind it. It is believed that on this day, Goddess Parvati played dice with her husband Lord Shiva, and she decreed that whosoever gambled on Diwali night would prosper throughout the ensuing year. Diwali is associated with wealth and prosperity in many ways, and the festival of 'Dhanteras' ('dhan' = wealth; 'teras' = 13th) is celebrated two days before the festival of lights.

From Darkness Unto Light...

In each legend, myth and story of Deepawali lies the significance of the victory of good over evil; and it is with each Deepawali and the lights that illuminate our homes and hearts, that this simple truth finds new reason and hope. From darkness unto light — the light that empowers us to commit ourselves to good deeds, that which brings us closer to divinity. During Diwali, lights illuminate every corner of India and the scent of incense sticks hangs in the air, mingled with the sounds of fire-crackers, joy, togetherness and hope. Diwali is celebrated around the globe. Outside India, it is more than a Hindu festival, it's a celebration of South-Asian identities. If you are away from the sights and sounds of Diwali, light a diya, sit quietly, shut your eyes, withdraw the senses, concentrate on this supreme light and illuminate the soul.


More About Diwali

> The Spiritual Side of Diwali
> 10 Reasons to Celebrate Diwali
> Diwali Around the World

SHAKTISM - Sanatana Dharma

GODDESS '' SHAKTI ''
Shaktism (literally - "the doctrine of force" or "the doctrine of the Goddess") - one of the areas of Hinduism, based on the worship of Shakti or Devi - the Mother Goddess in Hinduism - both absolute and original form of God. Along with Vaishnavism, Shaivism and SMARTISM is one of the four major traditions in Hinduism.

Shaktism characterized by a strong tendency to mysticism. In ancient times, different sects Shaktism practiced ritual orgies, called the faithful to enter into a state of ecstatic union with the universal power of Shakti. Shaktism closely intertwined with Tantra, although not all areas of Shaktism are Tantric, and generally acts version of the Hindu Goddess worship in other religions.

HistoryThe roots of Shaktism go back to antiquity, as the cult of the Mother Goddess, he is apparently a relic of matriarchy. One of the central sacred texts Shaktism is the Devi-Mahatmya. Wrote the text in Sanskrit Rishi Markandeya and it is part of Markandeya Purana, written about 1600 years ago. This text describes the ultimate reality of God as a feminine being.

SchoolsShaktism is divided into many different trends and sects. However, there are two main areas (schools) Shrikula , common in southern India and Kalikula , common in the north and east of the country. Less common Srividya school.

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Shaktism - is one of the three pillars of Hinduism, along with Vaishnavism and Shaivism, the core of which is the cult of the Mother Goddess, the feminine, personified in different guises of Hindu goddesses and, above all, the wife of Shiva, known under the names of Devi, Kali, Durga Parvati, etc.


Shaktism taken in Indology, the code name of flow, which brings together Durgaa system of ritual and mifologicheskihvozzreny, cults and schools associated with the worship of Shakti - a higher power or energy, embodied in the female manifestation of the deity. For Shaktas God - both formless Absolute (Shiva) and the manifestation of the Divine (Shakti), Shakti is worshiped in the images of Parvati, Durga, Kali, Rajarajeswari, Tripurasundari, Tara, Saraswati, Mahalakshmi, Bhairavi, Matangi, Dhumavati, Bagalamukhi, Chhinnamasty and other special attention is paid to the "woman" the manifestation of God, by which eventually reached "masculine" undeveloped.

The origins of these views are related to the archaic cult of the goddess-mother, as well as shamanic ideology. The representations of the goddess as Shakti - true energy through the power of God become particularly popular in the early Middle Ages. Mythological image of the goddess grows to impersonate almighty feminine Dzhaganmatri (Mother of the World), a fully dominant over their spouse without it he is passive, but from it he gets his creative energy. Proponents of Shakti - shaktisty (saktas) perceive it as a creative force and consciousness. Her knowledge they believe the only way to escape from the hardships of life. Saktas based on agama and tantra and perform esoteric rituals associated with yoga practice and psychophysiological training session, sometimes incompatible with brahminical ritual. The purpose of religious practices - internal likening their deity and merge with it. The most important rites of Shakta - Shakti worship in different images and its attributes, the worship of the guru, the recitation of mantras and other sacred formulas, the deity of sacrifice, etc. The main. sacred. texts saktas believe 77 Shakta Agamas which are regarded as tantra. Shaktism is especially popular in southern India, dravidoyazychnom habitat, as well as in Bengal and Assam. Shakta sect traditionally divided into school "right hand" and "left hand." The latter is much more closed, esoteric, their ritual practices associated with the use of the "five M" (panchamakara). Approach the "left hand" (Vamachara) more occult in nature, it is considered by the few. The way of "right hand" (Dakshinachara) is by nature more conservative.

Shakti is almost incalculable range of manifestations: from the active impersonal universal feminine creative principle to a set of specific rural goddesses. Especially popular are its embodiment in the images of Shiva's wife - Durga, Kali, Uma, Parvati, etc. Iconographically goddess is depicted in two main forms: the blessed, in the form of a young, beautiful and charming woman and angry, as the handling-armed demon with bared fangs, red tongue and a necklace of skulls. Symbol of the unity of God with his Shakti - Ardhanari, one being that combines the feminine and masculine, half man, half woman ...

History Shakta cult goes back centuries. Scientists believe that he was one of the main religions in the Indus Valley Civilization (23-18 cc. BCE). In the ruins of Harappa and other settlements related to this civilization, archaeologists have found many small clay figures of almost naked goddesses, in a complex headdress and frilly belts across his chest. Often portrayed as a female deity sitting on the branches of a tree. It should be noted that this cult was typical not only for the Indus Valley Civilization, but also for almost all the peoples who inhabited the ancient Eurasian continent. A vast area ranging from Spain to Siberia are still going back to the Paleolithic figurines of women, created from stone, bone and clay. These figures are called "Venus" and for all of them characterized by an exaggerated image of childbirth and lactation, while the head and limbs are displayed conditionally. Most archaeologists believe that these were the idols of the Mother Goddess, whose cult in the prehistoric era wore universal. Mother Goddess was the personification of the then people of all nature.

In the era of the spread of farming this cult gets an extra boost. Fertility of women in the representation of the first farmers were magically connected with the fertility of the earth. Earth, soil were likened to a woman sown field - a woman who "has suffered in her womb." The birth of the new heads of grain has been likened to the birth of the child. Therefore, in order to promote good harvests, as well as high fertility, worshiped the Mother Goddess. Likening a woman earth, various magic rituals ancient people tried to connect the power of female fertility of the fields and gardens. These ceremonies can take various forms: a ritual nudity and dancing before the god of rain, plowing fields naked women, erotic dances and ceremonies (Induizm. Jainism. Sikhism, p. 188). Later, along with massive, plump female figures appear several other women's images: for example, a figure with upraised hands to heaven and shapes combined with the altar and the ritual vessel. Perhaps this image priestesses, because many people in ancient times (the Gauls, ancient Germans, and others) cult went mostly women. You can also recall the priestesses of Dionysus in Greece or the Vestal Virgins in ancient Rome. Witchcraft and magic also involved, mostly women.

A typical example of an early farming culture, which was especially inherent in the cult of the Mother Goddess is tripilska culture that existed on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. Its heyday came at the end IV - beginning of III millennium BC.
Later, in the early civilizations on the basis of the primitive cult of the Mother Goddess worship arises the great goddesses: Isis - in Egypt, Ishtar - in Mesopotamia, Cybele - in Asia Minor, Aphrodite - in Greece, Venus - in Rome and others. The ancient Slavs was distributed to the cult of women giving birth - goddess of fertility and abundance, the protector of mothers and young children. With the adoption of Christianity in Russia cult births gradually merged with the cult of the Virgin.

Definitely a milestone in the history of the Tantric iconography was the emergence of forms of
Kali, which is a Ardhanarishvarasignificant manifestation of Shakti, somewhere between the Kushan and guptskim periods. The earliest mention of it as one of the seven languages ​​Agni is contained in the Mundaka Upanishad (2.4). But Ashvaghosha, a Buddhist, a former author and Buddhacharita Saundraranandy, described it as a grisly woman (god?), Holding a skull (kapAla), which belong to the army of Mara, tried to avert the Buddha from his meditation. This shows that the Buddhist view on the goddess Kali was filled with some prejudice, but, nevertheless, it's very earliest mention of Kapali connection with the goddess Kali. The famous poet Kalidasa, who wrote in Sanskrit, refers to Cali Kumarasambhave; she wearing ornaments made ​​of skulls, attends the wedding of Shiva and Parvati. In Devi Mahatma most important Shakta and Tantric text, Kali is also referred to as Chamunda (7.18) and as Mahakali (12.37) in these forms it is terrible and destructive aspects of a Higher Power. Devi-Mahatmya, otherwise called Chandi or Durga-patha-saptashati is vital to study the development of Shaktism in the context of Indian history. Basically, it dates from the time of between 5 and 7 cc. n. e., but the lack of any mention of Ganesha and Ganeshani prompts to assume that it was written at a time when Ganesh has not yet been recognized as a Brahmanic deity. Other Brahmin gods like Shiva, Vishnu and Skanda are mentioned in the text, but Ganesh was not included in the scope of orthodoxy, therefore, the text should be dated before the fifth century BC, or the beginning of the fourth or third century. There is no doubt that Devi mahatmya has all the basic features of Tantra - a comprehensive devotion to the Goddess of sacrifice in the fire in her honor, the system of japa (chanting mystical) offerings, which include mention of flesh and admirer of material enjoyment (bhukti) and release (mukti) . The text refers to the triadic form of a Higher Power, which symbolically is based on three elements, it's Tamas (darkness), rajas (shine) and sattva (purity), which are represented by its dimensions, referred to as Tamasi or Yoganidroy, Mahishamardini and Saraswati. These forms, which are referred to in Devi Mahatma symbolize internal movement from the darkness of ignorance to the light of knowledge.

Goddess Kali or Dakshinakali depicted as a nude woman with tousled hair standing on the body of Shiva. The body color of dark clouds of Kali, she has three eyes, and she wears earrings in the form of dead bodies of children and a garland of skulls. She holds a Sri Yantrasword and a human head in two arms, two hands, she gives other signs of welcome and blessing. Dark blue color of her body symbolizes infinity of cosmic energy it mahanirgunarupy (devoid purest qualities of the image), that is the space itself. This color also characterizes it as sarvatattvatmika (which includes all the elements and colors). She is naked, because above all the illusory power, it Cali, because it manages and creates the future. Dead and powerless Shiva under her feet represents the Nirguna Brahman (outside of qualities or attributes). Her three eyes are the three sources of light, ie the sun, moon and fire. Her earrings are terrible Dharma and Adharma and her garland of skulls is fifty letters of the Sanskrit alphabet (varna-small), symbolized by the Shabd-Brahman (Union, leading to higher rest). Necklace of severed human hands around the waist reflects the exhaustion of karma or the end of all things. It gives protection and presents gifts to the word of knowledge, which she keeps in the upper left arm, and destroys the animal instincts, symbolized by a severed human head, which she keeps in the bottom left hand. A variety of weapons that keep Shakta deity, including Tara symbolizes liberation (mukti), at which it breaks all the shackles of attachment (Pasha). Because that Kali is the embodiment of destruction, it contains only the Yantra Shakti triangles or triangle top to bottom. Her yantra no triangles Shiva (facing up), because it does not symbolize creation. In contrast, the Sri Yantra contains five Shakti Tricon (Shakti triangles) and four Shiva Trikona (triangle of Shiva), meaning creation.

By around the 8th century in the Shakta Tantra is also included in Kundalini yoga. According to the basic concept of kundalini yoga, Supreme Power of the universe is present in the human body, which is in a static or dormant. The sole purpose is to awaken the kundalini tantric and cause a rise in the body through a variety of practices. Such attitudes are unequivocal expression in the Devi Purana (10.9.7-8) Saundaryalahari Shankaracharya (9.10) and Malatimadhave (5.1) Bhavabhuti. In this latter text also talking about the doctrine of Niassa (cleansing of the body through the recitation of mantras) (5.21) (23). Biggest yantra in the tradition of Tantric Shakta is the Sri Yantra.

The last important milestone in the development of tantric Shaktism was the inclusion of the most important goddesses in class ten Mahavidyas. This happened after the Tara Shakta pantheon in eastern India around the 12th century. Ten Mahavidya is Kali, Tara, Shodashi (Sundari), Bhubaneswar, Tripura Bhairavi, Matangi, Bhairavi, Matangi, Bagan, Chhinnamasta, Dhumavati and Kamala (Lakshmi), they are identified with the ten avatars of Vishnu. Kali, Tara, Chhinnamasta and Dhumavati associated with kalikuloy remaining goddess associated with shrikuloy. In shaktism are two main forms: "Sri Kula" the family of the goddess 'Sri', ie Lakshmi, and "Kalikula", ie family of Kali. Sri Kula respects the brahminical tradition, it is prevalent mainly in the south of India, Kali-kula rejects her, and extended to the north and east India. Higher Mother revered equally by representatives of both directions, but for the initiation of devotees need to follow one of them, though both ultimately lead to the same goal.

Spiritual practices like Shaktism shayvistskim but saktas attach greater importance to the energy of God (the action force, and there is a potential or hidden), mantras (mystical formula that sounds) and yantras (graphic images of the Divine Energy, which is the Lord Himself), and seek cover the apparent opposites, see in their manifestations of a single-Divine: male-female, absolute-relative, pleasure-pain, cause-effect, the mind-body.
Indologists Western scholars are four main forms of Shaktism: People's shamanism, yoga, tantra, devotion, bhakti, and universalism.








VAISHNAVISM - Sanatana Dharma

LORD VISHNU

KEY SCRIPTURE: The Vedas , Bhagavad-Gita, Vishnu Purana, Padma Purana, Srimad-Bhagavatam


SCHOOL:
                                                                       Synopsis

Vaishnavism and Vaishnavism - one of the main directions in Hinduism, the distinguishing feature of which is the worship of Vishnu and his avatars, mainly Krishna and Rama, as the Supreme God. Monotheistic in its philosophy, this tradition also includes elements that can be described as pantheistic . The beliefs and practices of this tradition, especially such key concepts as bhakti and bhakti yoga, mainly based on the Puranic texts such as the "Bhagavad-Gita", "Vishnu Purana ',' Padma Purana", "Srimad-Bhagavatam" and Vedic texts, such as the canonical Upanishads are a part of the Vedas. followers of Vaishnavism are usually called "Vaishnava" or "Vaishnavites". According to the latest statistics, the Vaishnavas make up about 70% of all the followers of Hinduism. The vast majority of devotees live in India.

Vaishnavism (Vaishnava) - a conglomerate and sects. Some have arisen spontaneously, some were founded in the Middle Ages, the followers of "Doctors" philosophers and mystics.

The presiding deity Vaishnava - Vishnu, the Absolute personified, giving birth to Brahma, the creator of the world and the souls that make up the body of Vishnu. All other gods - and ultimately the emanation of Vishnu. Ontological views of Vaishnavism - from dualism to monism limited, but the soul in all Vaishnava sects is distinct from God and preserving their individuality.

In Vaishnavism there is the doctrine of avatars, literally "descent of Vishnu on earth to restore dharma." The most revered anthropomorphic avatars are Rama, the hero of "Ramayana," Krishna, the mythical life of which is given in the "Vishnu Purana" and "Bhagavata Purana" ("Srimad-Bhagavatam") - a monument of southern bhakti IX-X centuries. The second to last avatar of Vishnu - the Buddha, who preached heresy, was tempted to retreat from Dharma, thus strengthening the devotees and enticing unstable. The last avatar of Vishnu - Kalki - a kind of Hindu messiah who must appear at the end of the present Kali Yuga. He also has a prototype in Buddhism - Buddha Maitreya.

Salvation is understood in Vaishnavism as the liberation from samsara and the eternal soprebyvanie with the heavenly paradise in the form of Vishnu Vaikuntha. The path to salvation - bhakti - this is a passionate love for the mystical deity, the model for which is love to the divine cowherd Radha Krishna shepherd. Although the ideas, rather, emotions bhakti painted all areas of Hinduism, particularly vivid expression of this type of religiosity was in the cult of Krishna and Radha. Sensuality bhakti Krishnaism turned into a mystical eroticism.

The practice of bhakti-yoga (in the classical bhakti yoga - only element of the preparatory stages) is chanting the rosary and chanting the names of Vishnu and his avatars, in identifying with the characters Vaishnava mythology, the worship of images of gods and saints. In Vaishnavism increased the role of churches and "the temple deities," in which, on presentation of Vaishnava (devotees), Vishnu himself dwells. Idols wake, wash, decorate and feed. Rituals Vaishnavism mainly agamicheskie. Special development in the Krishna cult got kirtan and bhajans - ecstatic chants glorifying the different names of God and his mythical deeds, and accompanied by dances, often wearing ecstatic character. One of the major Vaishnava mantra - "Om Namo Narayanayya."

For the Vaishnava Bhakti as a whole is characterized by an inconsistent attitude to the caste system. On the one hand, many of its preachers theoretically rejected it, and in some communities even took neinduistov, though still the people of India. On the other hand, as a rule, caste differences are taken directly only in the religious sphere, at the time of service.

The major Vaishnava scriptures: epic (especially the "Bhagavad Gita"), 6 Vaishnava Puranas (especially the "Vishnu Purana" and "Bhagavata Purana"), upapurany, pancaratrika Samhita, Sutra, Tantra Gaudiya Vaishnavism , which is one of the branches of Vaishnavism, starting with 1960 spread around the world, mainly due to the preaching of AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, and he founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ...
Gaudiya Vaishnavism (also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism, Bengali Vaishnavism or Krishnaism) - one of the trends in the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism was a great Hindu religious preacher and reformer Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534), whom the followers of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition consider a special combined avatar of Radha and Krishna in one person, whose coming was foretold in the Vedas and Puranas. philosophy of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is primarily based on the "Bhagavad Gita" and the "Bhagavata Purana", as well as the Vedic scriptures such as the Upanishads . Gaudiya Vaishnavism refers to the monotheistic tradition of Hinduism and is considering various forms of God as the incarnation or avatar, Krishna, who is considered to be the supreme and original alter ego of God. The followers of the Gaudiya Vaishnava known as Gaudiya Vaishnava, or Vaishnava Hare Krishna ...


The objectives of Vaishnavism

The primary goal of Vaishnavism is videha-mukti, liberation - attainable only after death - when a small "I" realizes union with God Vishnu as its particles, while maintaining its pure individual personality. Lord Vishnu - the all-pervading consciousness - is the soul of the universe, different from the world and the jivas, "embodied souls" who are the body. His transcendent Being is a celestial form, residing in Vaikuntha, the home of eternal values ​​and perfection, where the soul is joined to Him by achieving mukti, liberation. The intermediate goal is to experience the grace of God - can be achieved even in the incarnation by finding refuge in the infinite love of Vishnu. Thanks to the love of Vishnu, serving Him and meditating on Him and His incarnations, our spiritual hunger grows and we experience His grace, flooding the whole being









LORD ''SRI KRISHNA''Janmashtami - Birth of Lord Krishna

LORD KRISHNA
Janmashtami is celebrated to welcome and enjoy Lord Krishna's birth. The birth of Lord Krishna took place when the various planets were in auspicious places. It is said that God chooses a particular time, as to when he will take birth as a human and the planetary systems are adjusted accordingly.

Auspicious Nakshatra (Constellation)
Around the time of Bhagwan Krishna's birth, Rohini Nakshatra was predominant as it is considered to be quite auspicious. This is so because it is under the supervision of Brahma, the creator of Universe. Sri Krishna was born in the month Of Sravana more than 5000 years ago.

Born in Dwapur Yug (Iron Age)
According to some scholars, Krishna was born on Wednesday,the eighth day of second fortnight in Sravana month in the year of Visvavasu around 3227 BC, also known as Dwapur Yug. July 19th 3228 BC to be more accurate. He lived for 125 years and disappeared on February 18th 3102 BC on the new moon night of Phalguna. His death was the onset of the current corrupt age known as Kaliyug.



Universal Happiness of all Forms of Life
From the time, Devki conceived Sri Krishna, she began to glow and exude divine light. The prison walls glowed with the aura of the new born infant. Atmosphere of peace and happiness prevailed all over, Forests were all green and full of trees with all kinds of beautiful flowers, rivers were all swollen due to joy, peacocks began to dance in sheer joy, people in all villages started being happy.

Objective of Krishna's Birth
The main objective of Lord Krishna's birth was to free Mother Earth from the wickedness of demons. Playing an important part in Mahabharata (legendary battle in Kurukshetra) and propagating the theory of bhakti and good karma were other important objectives.

Events Before The Birth of Sri Krishna
The people of Mathura were extremely unhappy with the wicked king Kansa who put his father, king Ugrasen in prison and declared himself the king of Mathura. It was to put an end to his evil ways and other demons that Lord Vishnu decided to take birth on Earth in human form. According to Akashvani (heavenly voice) at the wedding of his beloved sister Devki, Kansa got to know that the eighth child of his sister will take birth to kill him. So, in turn he rushed to kill his sister. Kansa gave up the idea of killing after being assured by Vasudev that he will handover all his children to him. He put them in Prison. Kansa killed all the six infants as soon as they were born. The seventh child (Balram) was saved due to divine intervention, when he was transferred from Devki's womb to that of Rohini's (other wife of Vasudev).

Events During the Birth of Lord Krishna
Lord Krishna was born in a prison cell in the captivity of King Kansa. He took birth in divine form with lotus like eyes,his palms bearing the signs of a lotus and discus. He had a swastika sign on his sole. Wearing a yellow colored silk cloth, adorned with precious diamond earrings and a crown made of emeralds. Soon after the birth, a chain of events astonished Vasudev,when he saw the gates of the cell flow open and all the guards fast asleep. He immediately thought of Nand ,his close friend in Gokul and decided to handover his child to him in order to save him from the clutch of Kansa.

River Yamuna Bows To The Feet of Sri Krishna
The night of birth was witnessed by heavy rains which led to River Yamuna being in floods. As soon as the feet of Lord immersed in the river, the flow became normal and Yamuna made way for the Lord. Sheshnag, the serpent formed an umbrella to save the new born baby from rain.

Exchange of the Babies
Vasudev kept his child next to fast asleep Yashoda and took the baby girl lying with him back to Mathura. The baby girl is believed to be the sister of Lord Vishnu.

Disappearance of The Divine Child
On hearing the news of birth of the eighth child of Devki and Vasudev, Kansa rushed to the prison-cell and lifted the baby girl to kill her despite pleadings from Devki. However, instead of hitting the stone, the child flew up in the air and announced that the annihilator of Kansa was born and in safe hands.

Krishna later grew in Gokul and finally killed his maternal uncle, King Kansa.

Aghora: At the Left Hand of God


AGHORA: At the Left Hand of God This trilogy forms a portion of the story of the Aghori Vimalananda. An aghori is a practitioner of Aghora, the spiritual discipline that takes Tantra to its farthest limits. For Vimalananda Aghora was a wholly internal process that eliminates all commonly-accepted restricitions to the human faculties of perception. He defined an Aghori in this way: “An Aghori is beyond the bounds of the earthly shackles; nay, something above the elements which shape the universe, and you. He takes a sort of intoxicant and thus gets intoxicated in Supreme Love which emanates from the innermost recesses of his heart. Shall I call it interiority? It is that part which is beyond awareness. He gives off the best part of love. Why part? Part of the Supreme, Universal Love, where one experiences, with the help of perception, All-in-One/One-in-All. When you, the finite, merge into infinity what dost thou not know? During this stage he merges with his own deity so that he becomes Him — capital H. That is why he is said to have gone from darkness to divine enlightenment. This is an Aghori.”

Aghora: At the Left Hand of God is the first book in the Aghora trilogy. Written almost entirely in Vimalananda’s own words, it presents events from his life, tenets of his philosophy, and highlights from his spiritual practices. Designed partly to shock and partly to comfort, but wholly as an offering to his Beloved, Aghora is as clear a picture as possible of a man who was a riddle wrapped up in an enigma. Vimalananda insisted that this book be published only after his demise, that he might be spared pursuit by those whose curiosity might be inflamed by some of the sensational events described within. He believed in devoting his all to the pursuit of the direct perception of Reality, and advised others to be similarly dedicated to attaining personal experience of God. To readers he offered this warning: “Don’t take anything I say as gospel truth. I am human, I make mistakes. Test on yourselves what I’ve told you. Try it out, experience it, and then you will know whether or not I’m telling you the truth.”

“Required reading for anyone interested in knowing and experiencing Tantra.” – Nik Douglas

http://youtu.be/PknfxJHwpuI

“Often even a sentence or two will shed more significant light on profound states of consciousness or very complex stages of meditation than the reader is likely to find in whole volumes intended to illumine the same subjects.”
Robert Masters, Ph.D.

NAG PANCHAMI - Festival Of '' COBRA-SNAKE ''

LORD '' KRISHNA '' with KALIA ''NAG'' - SNAKE
On the fifth day of the bright half of Shravan people worship the snake, “nag”. The day is known as “Nag Panchami”. Naga Panchami is the festival of snakes celebrated on the fifth day of the bright fortnight in the month of Shravan. The festival falls during the rainy months and is believed to counter the increased possibility of a snake bite during this time. People visit temples specially dedicated to snakes and worship them. Shiva temples are also favoured places for veneration as snakes are considered dear to him. In South India, people craft images of snakes using cow dung on either side of the entrance to the house to welcome the snake god. Some go to worship the snake which is believed to be hiding in the holes of anthills. Or else a five hood snake is made by mixing “gandh” (a fragrant pigment), “halad-kumkum” (turmeric powder), “chandan” (sandal) and “keshar” (saffron) and placed on a metal plate and worshipped.


Women worship Ananta ( thousand-headed Ananta is Vishnu’s couch and also holds up the earth) the cosmic snake in temples. Shiva is also worshipped since he wears snakes as ornaments. Snakes are feed milk and sweets, and released into the forests. Worshippers search for holes where snakes are likely to be found. When they have found a hole, they make periodic visits, placing before it milk, bananas, and other food that the snake is likely to fancy.

Legend
The Snake and the Farmer
A farmer was ploughing his field. At the edge of the field there was an anthill which he inadvertently destroyed with the plough, and thus the young serpents that were hiding in it were killed. The mother snake had casually gone out. When she came back she could not find her young ones. At last she found them cut into pieces. She was furious and understood that the farmer had killed them. She was bent on taking revenge.

At night when the farmer was sleeping with his wife and children, the snake came full of anger. She began to bite the feet of the farmer, and then one by one the feet of his wife and children. All began to cry. But the eldest daughter happened to be out of the house that night. Then the snake remembered that on the occasion of her wedding, the girl had gone to the house of her father-in-law. “I will not spare her either,” the snake resolved.

The snake ran towards the neighbouring village. She stopped before the door of a house, and saw a young girl inside. She recognized her as the farmer’s eldest daughter. The snake went in determined to bite her. But then she saw the young girl with joint hands worshipping the snake she had made out of “gandh”, and the nine “nagkule” (young snakes). She had offered them “nagane” (gram soaked and parched), “lahya” (rice blown out by parching), and “durva” (grass sacred to Ganpati), and she was praying with great devotion, “O God Snake, don’t be angry if I have committed any mistake. Accept my worship. Look after my people at home and in my father-in-law’s house. Do not bite anyone. Forgive any fault we may have committed inadvertently.”

With this the snake was pleased and came before the girl. She opened her eyes and got frightened at the sight of the snake. But the snake said, “Don’t be afraid. I shall not bite you. Tell me who you are and where your house is.” Then the snake knew well that the girl was the farmer’s daughter and felt very sorry for having killed all her people.

The snake told the girl what had happened, but told her not to cry. She gave her some nectar and told her to sprinkle it on her dead people, and with this they all came back to life.

LORD VISHNU on '' SHESHNAG'' 
Krishna and the Kaliya Snake
Nag Panchami is also connected with the following legend of Krishna. Young Krishna was playing with the other cowboys, when the ball got entangled in the high branch of a tree. Krishna volunteered to climb the tree and fetch the ball. But below the tree there was a deep part of the river Yamuna, in which the terrible snake Kaliya was living. Everybody was afraid of that part of the river.

Suddenly Krishna fell from the tree into the water. Then that terrible snake came up. But Krishna was ready and jumping on the snake’s head he caught it by the neck. Kaliya understood that Krishna was not an ordinary boy, and that it would not be easy to overcome him. So Kaliya pleaded with Krishna: “Please, do not kill me.” Krishna full of compassion asked the snake to promise that henceforth he would not harass anybody. Then he let the snake go free into the river again.

On Nag Panchami day the victory of Krishna over the Kaliya snake is commemorated. For this reason Krishna is known as “Kaliya Mardan”.

On this day digging the earth is prohibited, because the serpents live under the earth or in nether world and digging may hurt or annoy them. The various purans like Agni Puran, Skanda Puran, Narad Puran, etc. They roam about the land wearing lustrous jewels and ornaments. The thousand-hooded Shesh Nag or Anant is the most earth like a chaplet on his crown. When he nods or yawns, the earth with its oceans and mountains, begin to tremble.

Celebrations
On this day, the women draw figures of snakes on the walls of their houses using a mixture of black powder, cow dung and milk. Then offerings of milk, ghee, water and rice are made. It is believed that in reward for this worship, snakes will never bite any member of the family.



In Maharashtra, snake charmers go from house to house carrying dormant cobras in cane baskets, asking for alms and clothing. 
In Kerala, snake temples are crowded on this day and worship is offered to stone or metal icons of the cosmic serpent Ananta or Sesha. Altars in many Kerala homes have a silver or copper cobra that is worshipped and offered milk and sweets as families pray for the welfare of their children and for prosperity.
In Punjab, the festival is celebrated in September-October and is called Guga Naumi. A snake made of dough is taken round the village in a basket, and an offering of flour and butter is made from each house. The ‘snake’ is then buried. 
In West Bengal and parts of Assam and Orissa, the snake deity worshipped on Naga Panchami is the goddess Manasa.

What is '' Makar Sankranti ''Festival ?


The Sanskrit term “Shankramana” means “to begin to move”. The day on which the sun begins to move northwards is called Makara Sankranti. It usually falls in the middle of January. Makara literally means 'Capricorn' and Sankranti is the day when the sun passes from one sign of the zodiac to the next. The Sankranti of any month is considered auspicious as it signifies afresh start. However Makara Sankranti is celebrated in the month of Magha when the sun passes through the winter solstice, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn. According to Hindu mythology, one 'human' year of 365 days is equivalent to one day and night of the gods. Makara Sankranti marks the beginning of the day of the gods, which is equivalent to six solar months and is believed to be the auspicious part of the year. The previous six months, considered the night and therefore symbolic of darkness and evil, are inauspicious. Makara Sankranti is believed to be the time when Surya rides his chariot, drawn by seven horses, from the southern skies to the north.

For the pastoral people therefore, it is of prime importance for it signifies the end of the winter and the 'turning back' of the sun to the north. The festival of Makar Sankrant traditionally coincides with the beginning of the Sun's northward journey (the Uttarayan) when it enters the sign of Makar (the Capricon). 

Significance
The evidence of this festival being lucky is found in our great epic Mahabharat wherein it is told that the great warrior-hero, Bhishma Pitamaha even after being wounded and lying on the bed of arrows, lingered on till Uttarayan set in, to breathe his last. It is believed that the person who dies on this auspicious day of Sankrant escapes the cycle of birth and re-birth and that his soul mingles with the Almighty.

This festival has been celebrated for thousands of years. Initially, this was probably a festival celebrated in the cold climate, when people prayed for the warmth of the sun. In all likelihood, the Aryans celebrated it, and continued to do so after migrating to India.

Celebrations
>on the Sankranti day people exchange multi-coloured tilguds made from til (sesame seeds) and sugar and til-laddus made from til and jaggery. Til-polis are offered for lunch. While exchanging tilguls as tokens of goodwill people greet each other saying - "til-gul ghya, god god bola" (take the tilguls and talk sweetly). The under-lying thought in the exchange of tilguls is to forget the past ill-feelings and hostilities and resolve to speak sweetly and remain friends. This is a special day,  married women are invited for a get-together called "Haldi-Kumkoo" where they apply haldi and kumkoo on each others forehead and give gifts of any utensil, which the woman of the house purchases on that day, channas or moong dal beetal leaves and banans are also offered along with the utensil.

There is family re-union in all homes. Brothers renew their contacts with their married sisters by giving them presents. On the next day, the herds of cows are adorned beautifully, fed and worshipped. It is a great day for the cattle.

On the same day, young girls prepare various special dishes—sweet rice, sour rice, rice with coconut—and take them to the bank of a river or tank. They lay some leaves on the ground and place on them balls of the various preparations for the fish, birds, and other creatures. It is an extremely colorful ceremony.  Both these days are regarded as being inauspicious for travel. This is to prevent us from going away from home on those days.

Celebrations in the India
This festival is celebrated differently in different parts of the country yet the use of til that is sesame is found everywhere. Til or sesame seed contain lot of oil and they therefore have a quality of softness in them. People are encouraged to emulate themselves like the Til which holds people together and sticks to them with the bondage of love. Therefore, firstly the use of til in sweets is good for health and secondly being soft means exchange of love and tender feelings.

In Gujarat Sankrant is observed more or less in the same manner as in Maharashtra but with a difference that in Gujarat there is a custom of giving gifts to relatives. The elders in the family give gifts to the younger members of the family.   

In Punjab huge bonfires are lit on the eve of Sankrant and which is celebrated as "LOHARI".  The following day, which is Sankrant is celebrated as MAGHI. The Punjabi's dance their famous Bhangra dance till they get exhausted. Then they sit down and eat the sumptuous food that is specially prepared for the occasion. 

In Madhya Pradesh this festival of Sankrant is known by the name "SUKARAT" or "SAKARAT" and is celebrated with great pomp merriment accompanied by lot of sweets. 

In South Sankrant is known by the name of "PONGAL", which takes its name from the surging of rice boiled in a pot of milk, and this festival has more significance than even Diwali. It is very popular particularly amongst farmers.  

In Uttar Pradesh, Sankrant is called "KICHERI". Having bath on this day is regarded as most important. Uttar Pradesh, one who does not bathe on Makara Sankranti is born a donkey in his next birth. The belief probably originated in cold climates to compel some of the more reluctant people to observe certain rules of hygiene. 

In Bengal every year a Mela is held at Ganga Sagar.
The day prior to the Makara Sankranti is called the Bhogi festival. On this day, old, worn-out and dirty things are discarded and burnt. Homes are cleaned and white-washed. Even the roads are swept clean and lovely designs are drawn with rice-flour. These practices have their own significance from the point of view of health. Cleaning the mind of its old dirty habits of thought and feeling is more urgently needed. 


MAKAR SANKRANTI
The festival associated with this date is one of exchange of goodwill.

Things Required:
Sesame seeds (Til)
Jaggery
Groundnuts
Dried coconut
Chana/Moong dal fried
Sugarcane
Bananas
Idols made of sugar
New clothes for all Various kinds of pongal
The family bathes early in the morning and wears new clothes. Rangoli designs decorate the threshold and pooja room. After the regular family pooja each according to practice visits are made and visitors received. 

The special preparation of the day is Yellu made of the mixture of sesame seeds, pieces of jaggery, halved grountnut seeds, dried coconut pieces and fried dal. This is given to visitors and carried to all familiars, friends and relatives in a gesture of goodwill. In all familes, sugarcane is cut up into pieces and distributed to friends and relatives. Sugar idols are offered.

Newly-weds give bunches of bananas to women and continue to do so for the first five years of marriage, increasing the number of bunches in multiples of 5 each year. If there is a new-born male child, then silver cups filled with fried savories are gifted to five or seven women.

There are delicacies cooked on this day. Favorites are different kinds of pongal and vada. Salted pongal is served with avial, a mixed vegetable curry.

Why Do HINDUS not TOUCH Papers, Books and People with The Feet?

GODDESS - SARASWATHI 

To Indians, knowledge is sacred and divine. So it must be given respect at all times. Nowadays we separate subjects as sacred and secular. But in ancient India every subject - academic or spiritual - was considered divine and taught by the guru in the gurukula.

The custom of not stepping on educational tools is a frequent reminder of the high position accorded to knowledge in Indian culture. From an early age, this wisdom fosters in us a deep reverence for books and education. This is also the reason why we worship books, vehicles and instruments once a year on Saraswathi Pooja or Ayudha Pooja day, dedicated to the Goddess of Learning. In fact, each day before starting our studies, we
pray:


*****"Saraswati namasthubhyamVarade kaama roopiniVidyaarambham karishyaamiSidhirbhavatu me sadaa"*****

*****"O Goddess Saraswati, the giver ofBoons and fulfiller of wishes,I prostrate to You beforestarting my studies.May you always fulfill me?"*****

Water and Hinduism

The worldwide practice of Hinduism encompasses a wide variety of beliefs. However, a prevailing belief that is shared by most, if not all, Hindus is the importance of physical and spiritual cleanliness and well-being... a striving to attain purity and avoid pollution. This widespread aspiration lends itself to a reverence for water as well as the integration of water into most Hindu rituals, as it is believed that water has spiritually cleansing powers.

• Holy places are usually located on the banks of rivers, coasts, seashores and mountains. Sites of convergence between land and two, or even better three, rivers, carry special significance and are especially sacred. Sacred rivers are thought to be a great equalizer. For example, in the Ganges, the pure are thought to be made even more pure, and the impure have their pollution removed if only temporarily. In these sacred waters, the distinctions imposed by castes are alleviated, as all sins fall away.

• Every spring, the Ganges River swells with water as snow melts in the Himalayas. The water brings life as trees and flowers bloom and crops grow. This cycle of life is seen as a metaphor for Hinduism.

• Water represents the "non-manifested substratum from which all manifestations derive" [Dr. Uma Mysorekar, Hindu Temple Society of North America] and is considered by Hindus to be a purifier, life-giver, and destroyer of evil.

• Milk and water are symbols of fertility, absence of which can cause barrenness, sterility leading to death.

• Temple Tanks are an essential part of every large Hindu temple. Every village/town/city has a temple with a sizable water tank. Conventional beliefs hold that the water of a temple tank is holy and has cleansing properties. It is an unwritten rule to take a dip in the temple tank before offering prayers to the presiding deities, thereby purifying oneself. In actuality, the tanks serve as a useful reservoir to help communities tide over water scarcity. Water in India is largely dependent on the monsoons. In case the rains fail, people can look to these temple tanks to fulfill basic water needs. These days, the tanks are mostly found in a state of neglect. They are either dried up or poorly maintained, which leads to contamination. [Nikhil Mundra, http://scienceofhinduism.blogspot.com]


 HISTORICAL HINDU REFERENCES TO WATER
• The Matsya Avatara of Lord Vishnu is said to have appeared to King Manu (whose original name was Satyavrata, the then King of Dravida) while he washed his hands in a river. This river was supposed to have been flowing down the Malaya Hills in his land of Dravida. According to the Matsya Purana, his ship was supposed to have been perched after the deluge on the top of the Malaya Mountain. A little fish asked the king to save it and, upon his doing so, kept growing bigger and bigger. It also informed the King of a huge flood which would occur soon. The King built a huge boat, which housed his family, 9 types of
seeds, and animals to repopulate the earth after the deluge occurred and the oceans and seas receded. [Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]

• Water image in early Indian art... Images of Ganga on a crocodile and Yamuna on a tortoise flanked the doorways of early temples. In the Varaha cave at Udayagiri, of the 4th century A.D., the two goddesses meet in a wall of water, recreating Prayaga (ancient name for Allahabad). The Pallavas at Mamallapuram, carved the story of the descent of the Ganga on an enormous rock. Later, Adi Shesha, the divine snake who forms the couch of Narayana, represented water. [Nanditha Krishna, Ê»Creations Grounded in wisdom,ʼ New Indian Express, 2 May 2006]

• Etymology of the word Hindu also denotes water... Hind_ is the Persian name for the Indus River, first encountered in the Old Persian word Hindu (h_ndu), corresponding to Vedic Sanskrit Sindhu, the Indus River. The Rig Veda mentions the land of the Indo-Aryans as Sapta Sindhu (the land of the seven rivers in northwestern South Asia, one of them being the Indus). [Lipner, Julius (1998), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge]

WATER IN HINDU RITUAL
• Water is very important for all the rituals in Hinduism. For example, water is essential as a cleaning agent, cleaning the vessels used for the poojas (rituals), and for Abhishekas or bathing of Deities. Several dravyas or nutrients used for the purpose of bathing the Deities and after use of each dravya water are used for cleansing the deity. Water offered to the Deity and the water collected after bathing the Deities are considered very sacred. This water is offered as “Theertha” or blessed offering to the devotees.

• Poorna Kumba literally means a full pitcher ("poorna" is full and "kumbha" is pitcher). The Poorna Kumbha is a pitcher full of water with fresh leaves preferably of mango tree and a coconut placed on the top. Poorna Kumbha is an object symbolizing God and it is regularly used during different religious rites. The water in the jar is said to be divine essence.

• Many of the poojas in Hinduism start with keeping a kalasa which is a brass, silver or gold pot filled with water adorned with a coconut amidst mango or other sacred leaves. Kalasa symbolizes the universe and becomes an integral part of the Mandalic-liturgy as it still forms an indispensable element of certain poojas in Hinduism. The pot is the first mandala into which the Deities descend and raise themselves.

• One of the religious rituals is tarpana, which means to please or to gratify. Specifically, tarpana is the act of pouring water through the hands with the use of sacred grass as a symbolic gesture of recognition, thanking and pleasing Gods, sages, and fathers.

• During all purification rites water is sprinkled on the objects which are to be purified. Water used to be sprinkled on any offerings to the deities.

• Before starting a meal Hindus sprinkle water around the leaf or plate in which the meal is traditionally eaten.

• In times past, a King was sprinkled with water in order to purify him during his coronation. This was believed to ensure an auspicious beginning to his reign.

• There is also an important ritual called Sandhyopasana or Sandhyavandana which is a combination of meditation and concentration. Sandhya is an obligatory duty to be performed daily for self-purification and selfimprovement. Regular Sandhya cuts the chain of old Samskaras and changes everybodyʼs old situation entirely. It brings purity, Atma-Bhava, devotion and sincerity. The important features of this ceremony are: Achamana or sipping of water with recitation of Mantras, Marjana or sprinkling of water on the body which
purifies the mind and the body, Aghamarshana or expiation for the sins of many births, and Surya Arghya or ablutions of water to the Sun-god (the other two non water-based elements of the ceremony are: Pranayama, or control of breath which steadies the wandering mind, and silent recitation of Gayatri; and Upasthana, or religious obeisance). The first part of Arghya consists of hymns addressed to water and its benefits. The sprinkling of water on the face and the head and the touching of the different organs (the mouth, nose, eyes, ears, chest, shoulders, head, etc.) with wetted fingers, are meant to purify those parts of the body and invoke the respective presiding deities on them. They also stimulate the nerve-centres and wake up the dormant powers of the body. The Arghya drives the demons who obstruct the path of the rising sun. Esoterically, lust, anger and greed are the demons who obstruct the intellect from rising up (the intellect is the sun).

• Achamana is the sipping of water three times, while repeating the names of the Lord. One becomes pure by doing Achamana after he answers calls of nature, after walking in the streets, just before taking food and after food, and after a bath.

• Jalanjali is a handful of water as an offering to the manes, gods, etc. A rite observed before an idol is installed is Jaladhivaasam (submersion in water) and Jalasthapanam is another rite.[15] Pouring water on the head in purificatory ceremony is Jalaabhishekam.

• A religious austerity to be observed in water is called Jalavaasam. It is also abiding in water. One who lives by drinking water alone is Jalaasi. A religious vow or practice in which a devotee lives by drinking water alone for one month is known as Jalakricchram.

• Chanting of mantras standing in water is Jalajapam. A kind of penance observed by standing under a continuous downpour of water is Jaladhaara. Neernila is chanting of hymns while standing in water.

• A bath performed in the holy water for the achievement of some desire is called Kaamyasnanam.[16] Prokshana is sprinkling water over oneʼs body to purify, when a bath is not possible. This is for internal as well as external purity.

• Immediately after childbirth, a close relative of the child pours a few drops of water on the body of the child using his right hand, which is called Nir talikkuka. It is said that the child will get the character of this person. As such, a close relative with good character does the ritual.

HEALTH AND WATER
• The Vedic declaration says that water offered to Sun in the evening converts the drops of water to stones that cause death to the demons. For humans, demons are like all sicknesses like typhoid TB, pneumonia etc. When a devotee takes water in his hands while standing in front of or facing the sun and drops water on the ground the rising direct Sunʼs rays fall from the head to feet of the devotee in a uniform flow. This way water heated by Sunʼs rays and its colors penetrates every part of the body. This is the reason why the Vedas direct the devotee to offer water when the Sun is about to set.

• To alleviate fevers, sprinkling holy or consecrated water on the sick person, chanting mantras is Udakashanti. While the water being sprinkled muttering a curse can affect a metamorphosis, the Hindu saints were able to curse or bless using this Ê»subhodakamʼ.

• Water Therapy, both external and internal, has been practised for centuries to heal the sick. Usha Kaala Chikitsa is Sanskrit for water therapy. According to this ancient system, 1.5 litres of water should be consumed each morning on an empty stomach, as well as throughout the day. Water Therapy is considered to be a material way of taking an "internal bath".

• Water plays a significant role in death as well. Many funeral grounds used to be located near the rivers in India. After cremation, the mourners bathe in the river before returning to their homes. After the third day, the ashes are collected, and on the tenth day these are cast into the holy river.

THE GANGES RIVER
• The rhythm of life is dictated by water and Hindus hold the rivers in great reverence. India is a country that not only nurtures resources nature has bestowed upon her, but also worships them for the all-around prosperity they bring in their wake. The rivers are generally female divinities, food and life bestowing mothers. There are seven sacred rivers which are worships – Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Saraswati, Narmada, Sindhu, and Kaveri.

• The Ganges River is the most important of the sacred rivers. Its water used in pooja or worship if possible a sip is given to the dying. It is believed that those who bathed in Ganges and those who leave some part of themselves (hair, piece of bone, etc) on the bank will attain Swarga or the paradise of Indira.

• The river is referred to as a Goddess and is said to flow from the toe of Lord Vishnu to be spread in the world through the matted hair of Lord Siva. By holding that sacred stream touching it and bathing in its waters, one rescues oneʼs ancestors from seven generations. The merit that one earns by bathing in Ganga is such that it is incapable of being otherwise earned through the acquisition of sons or wealth for the performance of meritorious acts. The man of righteous conduct who thinks of Ganga at the time when his breath is about to leave his body succeeds in attaining to the highest end. She leads creatures very
quickly to heaven.

• According to Hindu religion a very famous king Bhagiratha did Tapasya (a self-discipline or austerity willingly expended both in restraining physical urges and in actively pursuing a higher purpose in life) for many years constantly to bring the river Ganga, then residing in the Heavens, down on the Earth to find salvation for his ancestors, who were cursed by a seer. Therefore, Ganga descended to the Earth through the lock of hair (Jata) of god Shiva to make whole earth pious, fertile and wash out the sins of humans. For Hindus in India,
the Ganga is not just a river but a mother, a goddess, a tradition, a culture and much more.

• Indian Mythology states that Ganga, daughter of Himavan, King of the Mountains, had the power to purify anything that touched her. Ganga flowed from the heavens and purified the people of India, according to myths. The ancient scriptures mention that the water of Ganges carries the blessings of Lord Vishnu's feet; hence Mother Ganges is also known as Vishnupadi, which means "Emanating from the Lotus feet of Supreme Lord Sri Vishnu."

• It is not uncommon to see may Hindus who bathe or wash in the sacred river Ganges chanting the following mantra or mentally repeating it: Gange ca Yamune caiva / God_vari Sarasvati / Narmade Sindhu Kaver / Jale Ê»smin sannidhim kuru / Puskar_dy_ni tirthani / Gang_dy_h saritas tath_ / _gacchantu pavitr_ni / Sn_nak_le sad_ ...... Mama / Bless with thy presence / O holy rivers Ganges, Yamun_, God_vari, Sarasvati, Narmad_, Sindhu and K_veri / May Puskara, and all the holy waters and the rivers such as the Ganges, always come at the time of my bath.


• Some Hindus also believe life is incomplete without bathing in the Ganga at least once in one's lifetime. Many Hindu families keep a vial of water from the Ganga in their house. This is done because it is prestigious to have water of the Holy Ganga in the house, and also so that if someone is dying, that person will be able to drink its water. Many Hindus believe that the water from the Ganga can cleanse a person's soul of all past sins, and that it can also cure the ill.

• The major sacred places, located on the Ganga are Varanasi, Haridwar and Prayag and these places are treated as the holy places of India, as these are situated in the bank of the holy river.

• River Ganga holds great importance in the economic, social and cultural life of the Indian people in general, and Hindus in particular. People love to give the name of Ganga to their children. One can find millions of people in India with the name of Ganga and this signifies the love, affection and association of people
with river.

• The largest gathering of people in the world occurs at the Kumbh Mela which is a spiritual pilgrimage celebrated every three years in one of four sacred cities of India: Allahabad, Ujjain, Nasik and Haridwar. In Hindu mythology, it is said that a drop of immortal nectar was dropped at each of these locations as Gods and demons fought over the pot or kumbh that held the nectar. Millions of Hindus travel to the Mela to bathe in the Ganga, believing their sins will be washed away and they will achieve salvation. For other visitors, the festival is a fascinating spectacle of size and eccentricity.
   

 
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